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Overcrowded Housing In Aboriginal Communities In Australia: An Essay.

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<h2>The Impact of Overcrowding on Indigenous Communities</h2>
Question:
Discuss about the '' Housing Issues faced by Indigenous People in the remote Communities of Australia”.
It has been identified that overcrowded houses are a major threat in aboriginal communities in Australia. It is also a fact that overcrowding leads to a large range of issues negatively influencing all areas of people’s lives. It might seem that there are some particular differences between indigenous people as well as the white communities but this demonstrates that these distinctions are indeed striking in some particular elements of life such as crime, rates, employment rates and alcohol-related violence. However, the major focus of the essay is on the housing issues faced by the indigenous people living in Australia. The essay focuses on some major challenges that cause the housing issues; overcrowded population is seemed to be one of those challenges.  Nevertheless, with deep exploration, the essay finds out several other factors and challenges that cause the housing issues of indigenous people.
When focusing on the housing issues of aboriginal people in Australia, it is particularly found that overcrowding is a common issue in aboriginal communities and camps. For example, in Western Australia, 350 people sharing 42 houses and most of which having three bedrooms only (Garling et al., 2013). Rigby et al., (2011) in their experimental study found that indigenous communities have to share one shower as well as bathroom with up to 12 people and this range could increase up to four generation. In this context, Hajkowicz, Heyenga and Moffat, (2011) commented that the lack of privacy is another significant challenge of overcrowding. This is because due to lack of security of life and essential needs, the indigenous communities prefer to stay together. In 2011, almost 670,000 indigenous people were living in Australia (Green, Niall, & Morrison, 2012). It is anticipated that by 2030, this number could exceed one million, where aboriginal people holding 3.9% of the population (McHenry, 2011). In addition to this, it is also observed that in 2011 more than one in three indigenous people were under 16 years (36%) in comparison with one fifth of non-aboriginal (Ford, 2012). In such mass population, almost 254 Australian aboriginal languages are spoken during the colonization. Nonetheless, a survey conducted in 2011 found that almost 145 indigenous languages are spoken to some large extent, where less than 20% are considered to be stable and are spoken by all existing generation.
<h2>Challenges in Attaining Affordable and Culturally Appropriate Housing</h2>
According to Bourke et al., (2012), affordable as well as culturally appropriate housing especially remains difficult to attain for several aboriginal people living in the indigenous community of South Australia. It is also identified that a large proportion of the publicly owned housing has been developed to accommodate the small families consisting of parents and kids instead of providing it to the extended family groups. Another general fact is that when there is no secondary housing option, indigenous people could find themselves without proper rooms in their houses, and observe large drains on their economical as well as material resource. Hence, a proper term used to explain the situation is “overcrowding”, but Fien et al., (2011) argues that real issues might include the inappropriate houses, mainstream housing policies, services and other affordable options.
Several investigations conducted on the aboriginal issues help to know that there is lack of political attention to deal with “overcrowding” by having control of public housing for indigenous. This means the political framework or the regulatory bodies of the nation could contribute to the development of houses of aboriginal people. In this context, Jorm et al., (2012) commented that a large proportion of public housing appears to be mainstreamed in spite of a wide body of evidence arguing that this approach does not resolve issues but it certainly generates additional barriers for the people to sustain their basic human right to food and shelter.
Stevens and Bailie, (2012) mentioned that South Australian Housing Strategy Green Paper suggested that with one and a half of page devoted to Aboriginal housing add the government of those particular regions has the equal opportunities to have access to housing. The opposition political party of the nation has raised the question that adequate housing should be provided to Aboriginal understanding of homelessness in the formulation of new regulation. Moreover, the mainstream definition of homelessness remains inappropriate for the indigenous people and it should be redefined as losing one’s sense of control over the region where one lives, with three divisions such as public place dwellers, spiritually homeless people and the risk of homelessness.
According to Howitt, Havnen and Veland, (2012), the provision of affordable, appropriate and secure housing needs to be there in urban and remote communities of Australia. Adequate attention should be given to the children who are aboriginal who are specially and linguistically diverse. The children in such community could face the disadvantages, disconnection from services, racism and the barriers to access housing. From this particular fact, it has become certain that indigenous people are squeezed up in one little house and the government has been informed many times about the issues. For example, a Warlpiri woman spent her entire life in Lajamanu having three generation, living with her husband, two sons, one daughter in law and a granddaughter (Bailie, Stevens & McDonald, 2011).
<h2>Issues with the Current Political Framework</h2>
 Therefore, it has also been identified that as the government did not show much concern, those indigenous people are begging for new houses. The community where almost 90% are indigenous is one of several reasons is to be dealing with overcrowding, which is certainly a barrier. Moreover, the analysis discovered as indigenous proportion of the population increases; thereby, average household size also increases per individual. For example, Georgina McLeod has lived in Kalkarindji for more than 25 years and hence census demonstrate that an average 4.7 people in each dwelling as well as 1.8 in each room (Kruske et al., 2012). Nonetheless, the reality is found to be different where some houses have five or four families and each of the families is living in a single room.
There are some scenarios that these indigenous people have fridge in their bedroom because it is the only way they could keep their food safe from others who may be in the house and keeping the refrigerator away from the reach is not safe, as someone hungry that comes along as well as breaks into that room.  Hence, Fitzpatrick et al., (2012) mentioned that overcrowding associated with housing is largely cited factor in the context of aboriginal disadvantages, which includes both health and safety. Maru et al., (2014) mentioned that presently, there is a shortage of more than 20,000 properties across the nation, which is appropriate for the indigenous people. The Australian Bureau of Statistics views this severe overcrowding to be a form of homelessness, which further could make up the largest homelessness group for the past few centuries. 
On the other side, some of them intend to extend their generation, which causes over-population. In this context, Grant et al.,  (2014) commented that rates of overcrowding increases with remoteness, which affects almost 13% of adults in some of the major cities of Australia, followed by 20% in regional areas as well as 48% of those in remote areas. According to Cuervo, Barakat and Turnbull, (2015), in some particular remote communities, almost two-third of Aboriginal people live in overcrowded houses. However, the reality could be worse compared to the official statistic mentioned above. According to the Australia Bureau of Statistics, average of 4.7 people per house and 1.8 in room is there in the indigenous community (Abs.gov.au. 2017).
A study conducted by Cuervo,  Barakat and Turnbull, (2015), shown that almost 3 people living in one house and the most significant fact is that these conditions have been existing for more than 7 decades.  It has also been identified that Australia lacked an adequate, consistent, long-term and holistic housing strategy and regulatory framework against which the appropriate initiatives can be taken. Altman, (2016) argued that most Australians did not know the fact that United Nations have declared that Australia has worst indigenous housing in the whole world.  Considering this particular fact, Byrnes, (2016) mentioned that houses can be overcrowded for temporary as well as permanent reasons. More specifically, the temporary overcrowding happens because the family comes from their homes in remote communities into town as well as stay with their relatives. This means the families come from their homes in the remote communities into town as well as stay with their relatives. Usually, they come in for shopping or visiting families who are in town, as they have to be on dialysis. Sprianovic et al., (2014) mentioned that almost 21% of the families in remote communities had temporary visits that last two weeks. Furthermore, it was also studied that incident of death could take several days to overcome; thereby, the families have to stay with other indigenous people.
<h2>Impacts of Overcrowding on Health and Safety</h2>
Conversely, permanent overcrowding could take place due to the uninhabitable house. The data provided by National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, almost 40% of aboriginal people in non-remote areas and almost 58% people in remote areas reported that their homes were structurally damaged, where almost 7% required to be completely replaced (Fredericks et al., 2015). As put forward by (Sprianovic, et al., 2014), the choice of lifestyle is another significant reason of permanent overcrowding-such as some families tend to select to live in large, multi-generational household, in spite of other houses being available in the community and these families might not necessarily consider their houses to be crowded; however, they suffer the same health effects. Altman, (2016) stated that the fact hundreds of aboriginal homeless people is disabled with poor physical health.  It is further observed that because of the cultural obligation, the indigenous people require a different type of house that could help to generate strategy that is more effective. For example, the young children who were deprived from their parents live with another aboriginal family.
 Garling et al., (2013) mentioned that overcrowding could generate large effect on the indigenous communities, people and their families. For example, domestic violence caused by overcrowding could lead to stress, fighting and drinking.  People living in such community or families might have poor mental health, which is exposed to such conditions for long time and the people could suffer from enormous mental health issues. In this context, Rigby et al., (2011) commented that lack of safe and appropriate housing in remote indigenous communities remains as the potential driver for people to shift to urban cities, where at least they could live on the street and in bush camps. 
Furthermore, it has also been observed that one of the significant issues facing indigenous people is the need for housing that caters to the social and cultural needs. Hence, this might include the needs to ensure that Australia Government establishes the capacity of Aboriginal Community Control Housing Organization in a similar way as it seeks to do with the mainstream community housing providers. It has been identified that it is not uncommon for large number of extended family members to live in the same house.
This could place the household under pressure as well as cause overcrowding, which eventually leads to housing issues. It has been identified that overcrowding particularly for extended period could damage the rental arrangements to exile of the residents.  As put forward by Green, D., Niall and Morrison, (2012), temporary mobility could lead to overcrowding because some aboriginal people could experience homelessness when roam around the regions, sometimes, the country to take advantages of health services and take part in the cultural gathering. This fact certainly could stress on the services and it could lead to the new development of emerging transactional accommodation to identify the issues. As put forward by McHenry, (2011) there is presently a shortage of more than 20,000 properties across the nation Australia that could be affordable and appropriate for the indigenous people. It has been observed that the deficiency of larger culturally appropriate houses that could accommodate the kin. In this context, Ford, (2012) commented that because of the remote location of several aboriginal people, there is a deficiency of specialist homelessness service.
<h2>Temporary and Permanent Overcrowding</h2>
As discussed above the indigenous communities in Australia suffer from the housing issues due to the overcrowding. However, another factor found behind the fact of overcrowding is that aboriginal people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds face additional barriers that might include the discrimination as well as the absence of cultural responsiveness by health and human services. Moreover, indigenous people belonging to rural as well as remote communities observe a large range of disadvantages with respect to education, health and wellbeing, employment and engaged in the criminal justice system. In this context, Stevens and Bailie (2012) commented that housing overcrowding is much higher for indigenous people in the remote areas and on a frequent basis; they have to travel long distance to have the health, education and other essential services.  Hence, Bailie, Stevens & McDonald (2011) argued that indigenous people in the distance areas have larger ownership of land and the acquisition and control of land could provide a series of economies, social and economic benefits to aboriginal people. The density of population of indigenous people in remote and major areas of the nation indicates that almost 25% of indigenous people live in remote areas while 32% live in the large cities (Fitzpatrick et al., 2012).
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Figure 1: Proportion of aboriginal people in Australian
(Source: Maru et al., 2014)
As discussed earlier, overcrowding is a major factor that creates the housing issues among the indigenous people but people maintain such practice of staying together in a small house. As the result, the life style of such community is deteriorating. It has been identified that mostly in remote areas; average learning outcomes for aboriginal students were lower compared to other students in a different community living near to the town or township. Grant et al.,  (2014) particularly mentioned that in the year 2008, in the remote areas, almost 36% of aboriginal people failing under the age group 20-24 year old achieved a year 12 equivalent or above in comparison with non-aboriginal 20-24 year olds (Cuervo, Barakat & Turnbull, 2015). 
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Figure 2: Aboriginal students having the national minimum standard for writing, 2010
(Source: Cuervo, Barakat & Turnbull, 2015)
Apart from education, the major issue associated with housing provides other facts to observe such as the crisis of houses and land in the indigenous community. As put forward by Lee et al., (2016) in 2013, only 10% of indigenous adults in indigenous community live in the houses owned by one individual of the household.
<h2>Factors Contributing to Overcrowding</h2>
<img class="loaded" src="https://myassignmenthelp.com/mah_cms/uploads/12-1542175704.png" alt="" width="608" height="281" data-src="https://myassignmenthelp.com/mah_cms/uploads/12-1542175704.png" data-was-processed="true">
Figure 3: Aboriginal people in overcrowding housing, 2008
(Source: Cuervo, Barakat & Turnbull, 2015)
Apart from the above presented figure, almost 50,000 aboriginal households living in indigenous communities tend to dwell with some large structural issues like shifting foundation as well as the persistent electrical issue (Altman, 2016). In this context, Byrnes et al., (2016) commented that almost 39% of the aboriginal adults are probably living in housing with the structural techniques. Furthermore, it has been identified that the major structural issue was observed to be general in the rented housing in comparison with other housing. By conducting a survey, Sprianovic et al., (2014) found that the most usual type of problems, which are the major cracks in walls and floor affecting 13% of all indigenous people. Likewise, almost 9% of adults are affected due to the cracks walls and in windows and 6% of them suffering from the plumbing issues (Fredericks et al., 2015). Furthermore, there has been a decrease in indigenous household focusing on the structural issues with dwelling, which particularly decrease from 35% to 24% in 2012 (Byrnes et al., 2016).
Going forward, having access to the fundamental household facilities like washing and laundry facilities enabling the safe storage and preparation of food as well as safe waste removal is significant for assuring a healthy living environment. A survey conducted by Cuervo, Barakat and Turnbull, (2015) especially indicates that the major and the usual issue observed by indigenous people is faults in cooking facilities; moreover, almost 7% of adults observing issues with their over and stove, almost 3% of the people observing problem with fridge.  Furthermore, (Fitzpatrick et al., (2012) commented that overcrowding could negatively affect the household infrastructure.
Furthermore, Sprianovic et al., (2014) raised the fact that some aboriginal people in the remote areas and in some interior areas were, to some extent, employed via CDEPD (Community Development Employment Projects). Nonetheless, Garling et al., (2013) argued that in the interior places of those communities, almost 19% of aboriginal falling under the age group 15 years to 64 years was unemployed. On the contrary, when it comes to the relevant factor of housing such as the acquisition of land, it is identified that nearly 98% indigenous acquired land in the interior areas of Australia. Hence, the people of aboriginal community obtain a set of cultural and social benefits for acquiring the lands.  These benefits might include large access to wide sites for cultural maintenance, the benefits of customary duties like hunting, fishing as well as gathering.
<h2>Lack of Adequate Housing Strategy and Regulatory Framework</h2>
Considering the fact that the indigenous people of Australia are in miserable condition due to numerous severe issues, the problem of them regarding the housing must be solved at the highest priority. It is evident from the above discussion that there is not one issue that is causing the aboriginals of remote communities to face the problem of the housing. Moreover, the problem of the housing is leading the aboriginal people to encounter several health issues. The numerical data is the evident of the existence of the indigenous people more on the remote area than on the country side. Therefore, there must have recommendation for resolving the issues.
At the initial stage of the resolving program of the issue, it must be remembered that the gap between the indigenous people and the non-indigenous people is wide enough to enable the indigenous people for taking steps to close the same (Nicholls, 2014). On the other hand, the presence of discrimination in the society as well as in the communities is resulting into the ineffectiveness of the minimal steps taken for resolving he issues. As recommended above in the essay that the general people of the society must take proper initiatives in terms eliminating the issues present in the communities. However, the recommendation is also indicated towards the political parties of Australia and the government as well. The program of resolving the housing issues within the aboriginals of the remote communities refers to the initial steps of implementing the model of anti-oppressive approach. This approach is based on the social distinction of the class, race, religion and other issues (Bennett, 2014). The anti oppressive approach is there to remove the injustice and the discrimination within the social context and to restore the equity in the society in terms of the housing problem of the aboriginals.
 As remarked by, Smyth and Dimond, (2014), anti oppressive practice is the dynamic process which is based on the changing and complex pattern of the social relations. The definition of the anti oppressive practice presents a clear understanding of the division of power within the social context and further refers to the elimination of the discriminative issues and practice present in the society. There are few principles categorized by the anti oppressive model. This principle is helpful in terms of the detecting the nature of the social issues presents in the society and according to that the model can be implemented for the same. The principles are based on the different issues and factors of discrimination of the people (Bennett, 2014). The first principle of the anti oppressive theory is applicable to the housing issues of the aboriginal people of the remote communities. The social difference is the first principles that denote the disparities of power among the dominated and dominant social class. The differentiation of the social groups is based on the class, gender, race, religions, disability, historical context and the sexual preferences. Therefore, the case of the aboriginal people of Australia is one of the contrasting issues that come under the social differences principle of the anti oppressive theory.
<h2>Culturally Appropriate Housing Solutions</h2>
The remote communities comprising the aboriginal people of Australia are marginalized due to the inadequacy of basic infrastructure, service, geographic isolation and the socio economic status (Smyth & Dimond, 2014). This particular model of the anti oppressive theoretical approach is vital in terms of the improving the livelihood of the indigenous people of Australia. There is no doubt that these people are the victim of the social differences. The anti oppressive model is recommended to the both governmental and non-governmental social welfare organizations in terms of providing them better housing. The gap within the two groups must be closed with the implementation of appropriate strategies. It is recommended to the leaders of the society to have knowledge of the wretched condition of the aboriginal people of Australia. The strategic approach is needed because without the proper planning and the implementation of the same the improvement in the condition of the these aboriginal people is not possible the anti oppressive model entails the planning of the strategies related to the each and every issues that is emerged from the issue of the insufficient and improper housing (Short, 2016).
As stated by Manitowabi and Gauthier-Frohlick, (2012), the housing issue of the aboriginal people raises the major problems in cooking, education and health. Among these issues, the health is major and basic problem for the indigenous people of Australia.  Therefore, the strategies must focus on the improvement of the health issues of the aboriginal people. The health issues that have majorly impacted on the health of the indigenous people of the remote communities within Australia are needed to be focused while implementing the model of anti oppressive approach of social differences.  The recommended strategies for the implementation of the anti oppressive strategies are providing general health benefits, educating the aboriginal people, inclusivity in the thought and perception, free medication and others. The health of the people of the aboriginal communities in the remote areas is severely affected by the inadequacy of the inadequacy of the housing of them (Memmott, Birdsall-Jones & Greenop, 2012). The essay in mentions the health issues in detail previously. Bennett, (2014) commented in this regard that the health of the women and the children in the communities are majorly affected by the problem of housing (Manitowabi & Gauthier-Frohlick, (2012). Therefore, this particular issue needs special attention while implementing the model of anti oppressive practice for the aboriginal people in terms of dealing with the housing problem.
<h2>The Way Forward</h2>
The purpose of the anti oppressive approach is to remove the oppressive and discriminative complexities within the aboriginals (Hick, 2017). While strategizing the approach for the aboriginal people of the remote communities of Australia, the leaders must take into consideration the socio economic status of the people. The geographical division and the distribution of the power along with the existence of the historical background of these people are the responsible factor for the emergence of the issue of the housing. The anti oppressive approach for the indigenous people must checks on these factors in order to take proper steps and strategies advancement initiatives.  
On the other hand, the issues regarding the household activities also must be covered within the approach of the anti oppressive model. Therefore, the anti oppressive practice must include the facilities for the household activities of the aboriginal people. Being in the remote areas, these people are lacking the basic facilities for their household works along with the housing problems. In fact, the problems of the household activities come from the housing issue. Hence, the implication for resolving this particular issue refers to the anti oppressive approach in terms of providing at least minimal amount of basic facilities to the indigenous people.
The anti oppressive theories refer to the understanding of the social status of the aboriginal people in terms of solving the issue of the housing in the remote areas. Hence, from the understanding of the severity and importance of the problem of the housing of the aboriginal people of Australia, indicates the need of educating the people of the communities. The people of the communities need to be educated properly in order to make them self dependent (O’Sullivan, 2012). It must be noted that it is not possible to remove all the problems related to issue of housing individually. Rather it is recommended to take steps which will be applicable for the housing issue and the other related issues will be resolved accordingly. Hick, (2017) opined that the proper education is capable of eliminating half of the problems of the indigenous people. However, it must be remembered that the people of the communities are not educated and providing education to them is difficult as they are enriched with their own cultural ideologies and beliefs. The recommendation implies that the anti oppressive theories must approach the educational perspective in order to make the indigenous people aware of their problems and find the solution of the same. Therefore, the anti oppressive theory is the crucial theory for removing the discrimination in the Australian society which is causing the severe problem to the aboriginal people of remote communities in terms of housing (Hunt, 2013). 
At the same time another theory can be applied on resolving the issue of housing and other issues related to the same. The indigenous standpoint theory presents the viewpoint of the indigenous people in terms of understanding the problems and issues of them. As stated by Moreton-Robinson, (2013), the theory denotes its name and refers to the reconciliation of the two different groups for working towards the same goal. The implementation of the theory is important because the other social groups must know and understand the problems that the aboriginal people encounter by living in the communities of remote areas. Besides, the execution of the theory is crucial for realizing the severity of the issues within the aboriginal communities. 
Dei, (2013) remarked that it is necessary to implement the theory in the approach of initiating the resolving program of the housing issues of the people of the aboriginal communities of Australia in order to have a clear idea about the cultures, practices, beliefs and traditions. It is impossible to provide the appropriate solution for resolving the issue of housing without understanding the internal culture and practice of them (Bunda, Zipin & Brennan, 2012). It is found that the there has been initiatives of the housing programs by different government and non government organizations due to the lack of understating between the indigenous and non-indigenous people. The cultural and social beliefs of the aboriginal people are different from the non-indigenous people. Utilization of the indigenous standpoint theory will help reducing the gaps between the two groups and consequently the housing program initiatives will be executed (Donald, 2012). 
 On the other hand, the indigenous standpoint theory is essential in order to understand the historical context of the aboriginal people in the remote communities of Australia. The treatment of the historical perspective is necessary in order to identify the proper housing planning and scheme applicable to them. In this context, Moreton-Robinson, (2013) commented that the historical perspective of the communities people is important as it is found in most of the context that the aboriginal people are sentimental about their history. Therefore, it is crucial to remember that while approaching any housing program to the indigenous community people, the proper historical treatment is important.
Apart from this theoretical recommendation for resolving the issue of the housing of the aboriginal people, the initiatives from governmental bodies are needed. The initiatives must include the financial help, educational help and other general aids (Walker, Porter & Marsh, 2012).  The government of Australia is needed because the support and the help of the government are important in terms of legal and ethical consideration of the initiatives. However, the indigenous standpoint theory also serves the purpose of the ethical consideration, but the governmental initiatives strengthen the approach. In addition, the non governmental bodies are not always able to provide legal support to the aboriginal people entirely (Jacobs, 2015). It must be understood that the legal consideration is important for avoiding any legal issues and conflicts in the housing programs. Along with this, the governmental involvement will also ensure the ethical practice of the program initiated for the indigenous people.
Conclusion:
Therefore, it can be concluded from the above discourse that the issue of housing is one of the major and burning issue within the aboriginal people of the remote communities of Australia. The importance of the housing issue refers to the various other issues that are affecting the livelihood of the people of the communities. The numeric data on the demographic of the aboriginal people shows that the people of the aboriginal communities live more on the remote areas rather than the country and the country side. The issue of housing is the constant and existing within the communities. Besides, the issue is creating other major problems for the aboriginal people of the communities. The essay presents the recommendation on the initiatives that can be taken for the reduction and elimination of the housing issue that is present within the communities of the aboriginal people or remote areas. The recommendation discusses two theories based on the present conditions of the aboriginal people of Australia. The first theories present the anti oppressive practice that refers to the elimination of the discrimination of the social power. On the other hand, the theories of indigenous standpoint will enable the people of non-indigenous group to have clear concept of the culture of the aboriginal people of remote communities. The other recommendations imply the governmental and nongovernmental involvement in the housing program of the aboriginal people for providing them proper livelihood.
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